The American Legion Magazine | 7.1.17
By Alan W. Dowd

He outlasted 10 presidents. He defiantly and relentlessly stood up to Washington. He nearly pushed the superpowers to war.[i] He fomented and supported revolutions from the Americas all the way to Africa. And despite—or perhaps because of—all of this, he became an international celebrity, a larger-than-life icon, a darling of the left and all those who rightly thundered against the excesses of anti-communist dictators like Batista and Somoza and Pinochet but sadly never failed to rationalize or defend the brutal record of communist dictators—like Fidel Castro.

Castro is gone, but the cult of Castro lives on.

Violence

There’s a lot to the history of U.S.-Cuba relations that predates Castro—too much to recap here. Suffice it to say that America’s record in pre-Castro Cuba was mixed: On the plus side, the American people were appalled by Spain’s brutal treatment of Cuba. So, they intervened “to put a stop to intolerable conditions in Cuba,” as Theodore Roosevelt explained, and they helped the Cuban people stand up a constitutional democratic government.

However, it wasn’t a fully sovereign government, which brings us to the minus side of the ledger. The Platt amendment allowed and encouraged U.S. interference in Cuba’s internal affairs, and that led to U.S. support for some unsavory regimes in Havana, including military strongman Fulgencio Batista, who was Cuba’s kingmaker/king for some 30 years.

After winning power legally and then giving it up freely, Batista led a coup in 1952. For the next several years, he did all the things petty dictators do: suspended the constitution, used the police and army to control the opposition, censored the press, imprisoned political opponents and enriched himself.

In 1959, Castro and 9,000 guerilla fighters took Havana, as Batista slipped away with $300 million into permanent exile.  A year later, Castro would nationalize U.S. businesses in Cuba. By 1961, he would officially align himself and his revolution with the Soviet Union. After that, he survived uncounted assassination attempts; an invasion by CIA-backed counterrevolutionaries; a Soviet missile buildup—and an American response—that nearly turned Cuba into ground zero for World War III; decades of economic, political and diplomatic isolation from the U.S.; and the collapse of the Soviet empire (propping up Castro cost Moscow $12 million a day[ii]).

To get a sense of how single-minded Castro was in his hatred for the United States, it pays to recall that he proposed, in the words of Nikita Khrushchev, that “we be the first to carry out a nuclear strike against the enemy’s [America’s] territory.” Khrushchev’s response: “Dear Comrade Fidel Castro, I find your proposal to be wrong.” He reminded Castro of something the Cuban dictator hadn’t considered or didn’t much care about: “Cuba would have burned in the fires of war.”[iii]

A month after the missile crisis, when the Soviets informed Castro that they had—unbeknownst to Washington—deployed tactical nuclear weapons on the island, Castro’s fuming reaction to the deal that defused the crisis convinced Moscow to remove all nuclear weaponry from Cuba.[iv]

Despite his disappointment with Khrushchev, Castro never stopped doing Moscow’s bidding. Castro deployed 50,000 soldiers to Angola to support Soviet efforts there.[v]He sent 10,000 troops to Ethiopia, thousands to Libya, Algeria and Mozambique, and specialized units to Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and Soviet-occupied Afghanistan. More Cuban advisors and aid would flow into Nicaragua and Grenada.[vi]

Comparisons

In a 1957 manifesto, Castro and his followers vowed “to put an end to a regime based on force [and] the violation of individual rights”—a “regime of terror and dictatorship.” They called for “free elections, a democratic regime, a constitutional government…a free, democratic and just Cuba.”[vii]

In 1959, Castro promised to “solve the substantial social problems of all Cubans in a climate of liberty, of respect for individual rights, of freedom of the press and thought, of democracy, of liberty to elect their own government.”[viii]

Yet when he took power, Castro banned political parties and the free press, suspended elections, and, as historian Derek Leebaert recalls, “introduced machine-gun executions of several thousand opponents in what his lieutenant Antonio Jimenez termed ‘the year of the firing squad.’”[ix]

The killings never ended. University of Hawaii political scientist R.J. Rummel estimated that Castro killed between 35,000 and 141,000 of his countrymen.[x] So much for ending “a regime of terror and dictatorship.”

However, Castro’s actions as dictator would come as no surprise to those who knew him as a young man. Castro was marked by “a violent personality” from the very beginning, historian Paul Johnson details. At age 20, he participated in an armed invasion and revolution in the Dominican Republic; at 21, he helped organize deadly riots in Colombia, which claimed 3,000 lives. That same year, “he was in a gun battle with Cuban police” and “accused of murdering the Minister of Sport,” Johnson adds.[xi]

As for the revolution’s promise of individual rights, liberty, and social and economic progress, it pays to recall that a report produced by the International Labor Organization in 1957—two years before Castro’s revolution—noted, “The average wage for an eight-hour day in Cuba…is higher than for workers in Belgium, Denmark, France and Germany.”[xii]

“When Castro took power, GDP per capita for Cuba was some $2,067 a year,” Tim Worstall of the Adam Smith Institute notes. That’s about the same size as the per-capita GDPs of Ecuador, Jamaica and Panama in 1959. “By 1999,” Worstall points out, “Cuba had advanced hardly at all, to $2,307.” That’s a 1.1-percent increase—over 40 years. In the same time span, Ecuador saw a 92-percent increase in GDP, Jamaica a 44-percent increase, Panama a 141-percent increase.[xiii]

The grim comparisons don’t end there.

The Cuba Castro built ranks 178th out of 180 on the Heritage Foundation’s economic freedom index, 163rd out of 179 on the Heritage Foundation’s property rights measurement and 132nd out of 192 on the World Bank’s rule of law measurement. And Castro's Cuba is relegated to the “not free” category – among the least-free places on earth – on the Freedom House political-freedom index.[xiv]

At election time, as Freedom House reports, voters are “asked to either support or reject a single PCC-approved [Communist Party of Cuba] candidate” for each seat in the National Assembly. That assembly then selects Cuba’s leader, who has been named Castro for the past six decades. “All political organizing outside the PCC is illegal, and independent campaigning is not permitted,” Freedom House explains. “Political dissent, whether spoken or written, is a punishable offense, and dissidents are systematically harassed, detained, physically assaulted, and frequently sentenced to years of imprisonment.”[xv]

When we compare Castro’s Cuba to countries of a similar population size (Tunisia and Rwanda), or countries in the same region (Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Colombia and Chile), or post-authoritarian countries (Poland, Hungary, Taiwan and South Korea), we find that all have enjoyed stronger, more sustained per-capita GDP growth since 1970. Moreover, each and every one of these countries rates higher than Cuba on measures of economic freedom, property rights, the rule of law and political freedom.

Castro’s defenders always counter such inconvenient facts by pointing to social indicators like public health and literacy, as if nations have a binary choice between social progress and political, economic and individual freedom. To be sure, Castro’s Cuba boasts a top-60 life expectancy and a top-10 literacy rate. Of course, Castro’s hagiographers never report that pre-Castro Cuba had low infant-mortality rates and high literacy levels—or that Cuba’s suicide rate tripled during Castro’s reign, as The Miami Herald has reported.[xvi] Moreover, Georgia and Estonia can make the same boasts about literacy and life expectancy; yet both have top-25 economic freedom rankings and high political-freedom rankings.

In fact, empirical evidence shows that economic freedom promotes social progress. The Fraser Institute has found that higher levels of economic freedom correlate with higher levels of civil rights, less civil strife, less corruption, higher life expectancy and higher literacy rates, and the Heritage Foundation concludes that higher levels of economic freedom lead to “more education opportunities, better health care and higher standards of living.”[xvii]

Indeed, those countries listed above vaulted past Castro’s Cuba economically and politically precisely because they embraced economic and political freedom, while Castro forced his people to live under his failed political-economic system.

Blaming the U.S. embargo for Cuba’s woes is to engage in denial and projection. Castro’s Cuba was free to trade with other countries, and other countries were free to invest in Castro’s Cuba. But given Castro’s record of nationalization and confiscation, most concluded that wouldn’t be a very wise investment. And consider this: When Castro was asked in 2010 if his “Cuban model” was still worth exporting, the Cuban dictator was forced to admit, “The Cuban model doesn't even work for us anymore.”[xviii]In fact, it never did.

Habits

If he cared about his subjects more than his hold on power, Raul Castro would have used his brother’s passing to learn from the many post-authoritarian success stories that have replaced state control with free markets and free government—and then open Cuba to the world of opportunity that awaits beyond the prison yard of communism.

But there are no signs of real liberalization in Cuba. The sort of reforms needed to revive Cuba’s politics and economy will not happen until Cuba is free from the albatross of communism. And that doesn’t seem likely until Cuba is free from the cult of Castro.

We can hope for—and should encourage—a peaceful revolution in Cuba akin to the Velvet Revolution that upended communism in Eastern Europe in 1989. But one searches in vain for a Cuban Havel or Walesa. And just as troubling, the Castro propaganda machine continues to deify itself. By 1989, even the true believers knew communism was dead in Eastern Europe. There was neither cult nor personality to live and die for by then. That doesn’t seem to be the case in Cuba, where the darkness of Castro’s shadow continues to fall.

Consider that more than a year after President Barack Obama’s controversial decision to reopen diplomatic relations with Cuba and visit the imprisoned island, the Castro regime has not brought about internal reforms or improved external relations. For example, Cubans are still fleeing their homeland by the thousands. The Coast Guard reports the number of Cubans interdicted in FY16 was the highest in a decade—and 60 percent higher than in FY15.[xix]They’re not fleeing because things have gotten better. As Carlos Ponce of Freedom House reports, “In the last 10 years, there have been nearly 18,000 political detainees” in Cuba. [xx]The Castro regime ordered 6,200 arbitrary detentions in 2015 alone.[xxi] 

Even when it’s on its best behavior, the Castro regime can’t help but show its true colors:

·        Human Rights Watch reports that just before the reopening of the U.S. embassy in Havana, 90 people “were arrested and detained…during a peaceful march against political repression.”[xxii]

·        During Pope Francis’ visit to Cuba, police detained more than 100 dissidents to prevent them from meeting him.

·        Hours before Obama’s visit to Cuba, Castro’s police and a regime rent-a-mob attacked a peaceful demonstration calling for the release of political prisoners. Two days after Obama departed, Castro’s thugs rounded up pro-democracy demonstrators in Havana.[xxiii] 

As for U.S.-Cuba relations, Obama promised that his trip to Cuba would “bury the last remnant of the Cold War in the Americas.” Yet Russian warships are docking in Havana harbor, and Cuba is allowing Moscow to reopen Soviet-era bases. In fact, in October 2016—seven months after Obama visited Cuba—Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu announced that “talks are under way” with Cuba and other Latin American countries to expand Moscow’s military presence in the region.[xxiv]

For Moscow and Havana, old habits die hard.

Sadly for the Cuban people, what was true of that fortress is true of the whole of Cuba. Fidel Castro turned his island nation into something unrecognizable from what it was—or what it could have been.

[i]http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/26/opinion/how-castro-held-the-world-hostage.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/jfk-defendcuba/

[ii] Johnson, p.684.

[iii]http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/jfk-defendcuba/

[iv]http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/10/10/cuba-almost-became-a-nuclear-power-in-1962/https://www.scribd.com/document/109641406/Mikoyan-Castro-Memcon-11-22-62-PDF

[v] leebaert p467, 470

[vi]http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1988/08/cuba-havanas-military-machine/305932/http://www.csmonitor.com/1980/0905/090515.html

[vii]http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/manifesto.htm

[viii]http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1959/19590316.html

[ix] Derek Leebaert p296 and https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/fidel-castro-cuban-dictator-dies-at-90/2016/11/26/f37bf3bc-b399-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html?utm_term=.31d172d88cde

[x]http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.TAB1.GIF

[xi] paul Johnson modern times 620-628, 684-685

[xii] http://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/the-fidel-castro-myth-debunked-the-death-of-a-tyrant-not-a-hero/

[xiii]http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/11/26/fidel-castros-economic-disaster-in-cuba/print/

[xiv]http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking  http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/herit_property_rights/http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/wb_ruleoflaw/ Pew Research Center, “Latest Trends in Religious Restrictions and Hostilities,” Feb. 26, 2015.

[xv]https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/cuba

[xvi]http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article118282148.htmlThe Wall Street Journal, “Fidel Castro’s Communist Utopia,” November 27, 2016.

[xvii] Fred McMahon, "Economic Freedom: Why is economic freedom important?" Address at SMU, June 2, 2016; Joel Wood and Ian Herzog, "Economic Freedom and Air Quality," Fraser Institute, April 2014.http://www.heritage.org/index/book/chapter-1

[xviii] http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2010/09/fidel-cuban-model-doesnt-even-work-for-us-anymore/62602/

[xix]http://www.military.com/daily-news/2016/11/29/coast-guard-apprehends-most-cuban-migrants-in-decade.html

[xx]http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article118282148.html

[xxi]https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/cuba

[xxii]https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/cuba

[xxiii]http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cuba-dissidents-idUSKCN0WM0WI

[xxiv]http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article107473897.htmlhttp://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/16/russia-reopening-spy-base-cuba-us-relations-sourhttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30028371

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2015/0121/Russia-sends-clear-message-and-spy-ship-on-eve-of-US-Cuba-talks-video

[xxv]http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1960/19600224.html